Between 1959 and 1989, Soviet scientists and officials made numerous attempts to network their nation—to construct a nationwide computer network. None of these attempts succeeded, and the enterprise had been abandoned by the time the Soviet Union fell apart. Meanwhile, ARPANET, the American precursor to the Internet, went online in 1969. Why did the Soviet network, with top-lev...(展开全部)

Between 1959 and 1989, Soviet scientists and officials made numerous attempts to network their nation—to construct a nationwide computer network. None of these attempts succeeded, and the enterprise had been abandoned by the time the Soviet Union fell apart. Meanwhile, ARPANET, the American precursor to the Internet, went online in 1969. Why did the Soviet network, with top-lev...(展开全部)

The vast majority of all email sent every day is spam, a variety of idiosyncratically spelled requests to provide account information, invitations to spend money on dubious products, and pleas to send cash overseas. Most of it is caught by filters before ever reaching an in-box. Where does it come from? As Finn Brunton explains in Spam, it is produced and shaped by many differe...(展开全部)

The vast majority of all email sent every day is spam, a variety of idiosyncratically spelled requests to provide account information, invitations to spend money on dubious products, and pleas to send cash overseas. Most of it is caught by filters before ever reaching an in-box. Where does it come from? As Finn Brunton explains in Spam, it is produced and shaped by many differe...(展开全部)

埃米尔·路德维希(Emil Ludwig，1881-1948)。德国作家，以撰写通俗传记而享有国际声誉。所写传记强调人物个性，被称为"新传记派"，是20世纪最伟大的传记作家。 路德维希1881年生于德国布雷斯劳(今属波兰)。他在大学的专业是法学，却选择了作者和记者生涯。1906年移居瑞士，并于1932年获瑞士国籍。《歌德传》及《拿破仑传》的出版使他成为享誉世界的传记作家，他开创了传记写作的新流派，以描写人物的心路历程以及性格分析而享有盛名。代表作品有《拿破仑》、《俾斯麦》、《歌德》、《人之子》、《林肯》、《兴登堡》、《克娄巴特拉:一个女王的故事》、《罗斯福:命运和权利的研究》、《三幅画像:希特勒、墨索里尼、斯大林》、《贝多芬》、《奥瑟罗》、《蓝色地中海》、《青白尼罗河》等…… 另外还有描写德国公元800年至公元1941年的为德国二战所写的《德国人》。...(展开全部)

埃米尔·路德维希(Emil Ludwig，1881-1948)。德国作家，以撰写通俗传记而享有国际声誉。所写传记强调人物个性，被称为"新传记派"，是20世纪最伟大的传记作家。 路德维希1881年生于德国布雷斯劳(今属波兰)。他在大学的专业是法学，却选择了作者和记者生涯。1906年移居瑞士，并于1932年获瑞士国籍。《歌德传》及《拿破仑传》的出版使他成为享誉世界的传记作家，他开创了传记写作的新流派，以描写人物的心路历程以及性格分析而享有盛名。代表作品有《拿破仑》、《俾斯麦》、《歌德》、《人之子》、《林肯》、《兴登堡》、《克娄巴特拉:一个女王的故事》、《罗斯福:命运和权利的研究》、《三幅画像:希特勒、墨索里尼、斯大林》、《贝多芬》、《奥瑟罗》、《蓝色地中海》、《青白尼罗河》等…… 另外还有描写德国公元800年至公元1941年的为德国二战所写的《德国人》。...(展开全部)

On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. Hammer and sickle gave way to a flag, a national anthem, and new holidays. Seven decades earlier, Turkmenistan had been a stateless conglomeration of tribes. What brought about this remarkable transformation? "Tribal Nation" addresses this question by examining the Soviet...(展开全部)

On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. Hammer and sickle gave way to a flag, a national anthem, and new holidays. Seven decades earlier, Turkmenistan had been a stateless conglomeration of tribes. What brought about this remarkable transformation? "Tribal Nation" addresses this question by examining the Soviet...(展开全部)

On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. Hammer and sickle gave way to a flag, a national anthem, and new holidays. Seven decades earlier, Turkmenistan had been a stateless conglomeration of tribes. What brought about this remarkable transformation? "Tribal Nation" addresses this question by examining the Soviet...(展开全部)

On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. Hammer and sickle gave way to a flag, a national anthem, and new holidays. Seven decades earlier, Turkmenistan had been a stateless conglomeration of tribes. What brought about this remarkable transformation? "Tribal Nation" addresses this question by examining the Soviet...(展开全部)